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This Rider is effective on the effective date of the Evidence of Coverage to which it is attached. This Prescription Drug Rider does not modify or amend any provision of the Evidence of Coverage to which it is attached except as is specifically set out herein and is subject to all of the provisions of the Evidence of Coverage as long as this Optional Rider does not modify or amend them. This Optional Rider shall terminate on the same day as the Evidence of Coverage to which it is attached, for example, atacand atacand.
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All enteral nutrition products except those for treatment of phenylketonuria, hyperlysinemia, and maple syrup urine disease, and given through a feeding tube require authorization after the first 30 days. See the Minnesota Health Care Programs Provider Manual for coverage standards and the Authorization chapter for submission by FAX, I.T.S. FAX or mail. Prostheses and Orthoses Providers must get authorization for prostheses and orthoses when the purchase or projected cumulative rental cost exceeds , 000. HEARING AIDS Services in the following categories require authorization: The purchase of a non-contract hearing aid including pocket talkers. Indicate model number and manufacturer on form. ; The provision of more than one hearing aid or hearing aid dispensing fees in a fiveyear period. The purchase of a hearing aid when puretone average is less than 25 dB HL adult and less than 20 dB HL child. DRUGS The following list of drugs requires authorization. H2 receptor antagonists Zantac Pepcid Tagamet Axid nizatidine - generic Proton Pump Inhibitors Aciphex Prilosec Protonix omeprazole - generic Angiotensin Receptor blockers Atacand Avapro Benicar Teveten Angiotensin Receptor blocker-diuretic combinations Atacand HCT Avalide Benicar HCT Micardis HCT Teveten HCT ACE inhibitors Accupril Capoten Lotensin Mavik Monopril Prinivil Univasc Vasotec Zestril ACE inhibitors- diuretic combinations Cite 29 SR 815 ; State Register, Monday 10 January 2005 Page 815.
Operating Results Reported sales increased by 7 percent and operating profit fell by 15 percent. At constant exchange rates sales declined by 1 percent and operating profit by 20 percent. As previously mentioned, sales in the US during the first quarter 2003 included significant speculative purchases by wholesalers, which lifted trade inventories to some 0 million higher than normal. During the first quarter 2004 the company began implementing inventory management agreements with three large wholesalers in the US who account for around three quarters of our US sales. Since the agreements were not in place for the entire period, some purchases above current demand did occur in the first quarter 2004, estimated to be around 0 million. At the end of the first quarter the Company estimates that, in aggregate, approximately 0 million of inventory above target levels is in the distribution chain, chiefly in NexiumTM, Toprol-XLTM and AtacandTM. This inventory should be worked down over the next two quarters. The weakness of the US dollar continues to benefit our results. In comparison with quarter one last year the US dollar weakened against the euro 14 percent ; , benefiting sales, and also against the Swedish krona 14 percent ; and sterling 13 percent ; , increasing costs. Overall, currency benefited EPS by around 3 cents in comparison with quarter one last year. Should the exchange rates stay at current levels for the remainder of the year, no further exchange benefits are expected to accrue. Gross margin increased by 1.4 percent to 77.4 percent of sales in the quarter, as payments to Merck declined to 5.6 percent of sales a reduction of 1.4 percent of sales ; , attributable to differences in product mix between the periods. A small adverse exchange impact -0.3 percent ; was offset by a slight improvement in underlying cost of sales of a similar magnitude. Operating margin comparisons are coloured by the marked difference in quarterly phasing of sales. Operating margin in the first quarter 2003 was 26.9 percent of sales the highest quarter last year ; as the benefits of wholesaler stocking fell straight through to operating profit. Operating margin in the first quarter 2004 was 21.3 percent. Underlying increases in R&D and SG&A expenditures are estimated to have contributed around half of the margin difference between the periods, with most of the balance attributable to the sales phasing in 2003. In aggregate, R&D and SG&A expenses were , 849 million, as spending in support of product launches and the additional recruitment in Discovery and Development were broadly maintained at the levels reached in the second half of last year. The increase over first quarter last year was 13 percent in CER terms, but 23 percent on a reported basis, including 10 percent of exchange rate impact. Interest and Dividend Income Net interest and dividend income in the quarter was million, compared with million for the same period last year. The improvement is due mainly to lower interest payments in the first quarter 2004 following the repayment of 9 million of debt in mid-2003. Taxation The effective tax rate at 27.5 percent for the first quarter was at the same level as for quarter one last year and ciloxan.
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Under Section 521 of the Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 BIPA ; all first level of appeals will now be called redeterminations, effective October 1, 2004. Section 521 of BIPA ; makes significant changes to the Medicare claims appeal provisions. Specifically, section 1869 a ; 3 ; C ; requires that contractors mail a written notice of a redetermination decision to all parties of an appeal, i.e., physician, provider, beneficiary and or the beneficiary's representative ; consistent with long-standing practice for partially favorable or unfavorable determinations. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 MMA ; amends section 1869 by setting forth requirements for redetermination notices. Section 1869 a ; 5 ; requires the written notice to include the specific reasons for the decision, a summary of relevant clinical or scientific evidence used in making the redetermination, a description of how to obtain additional information concerning the decision, and notification of the right to appeal and instructions on how to appeal the decision to the next level. Upon request, carriers will provide the appealing party information on the policy, manual, or regulation used in making the decision. Additionally, the notice will be written in a manner so the beneficiary will be able to understand. Carriers are required to provide certain specific information within the notice but are not limited to and have the option of providing additional information as deemed necessary. Source Reference: CMS Manual System - Medicare Claims Processing Pub. 100-04 Transmittal 97 CR# 2620 February 6, 2004.
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Fits and risks of pancreatic transplantation have to be carefully matched with all the medical and psychosocial as well as educational aspects of the chronically ill diabetic patient. Unfortunately the multidisciplinary case review process discussed in the paper by Dafoe et al. is simply not a reality in many transplantation units. In particular, the psychosocial assessment of issues such as `patient and family coping skills, adaptability, compliance, knowledge of disease process, development stage, cultural beliefs, economic status, motivation, goals, expectations, qualityof-life issues, premorbid level of functioning, locus of control, impact of disease, current life stressors, ability to cope with loss, and the commitment of the support system' ought to be considered in much greater detail to help the patient and the transplant team make the best selection among the therapeutic options of organ transplantation. Early involvement of the transplantation team in patients with diabetic nephropathy far in advance of the need for renal replacement therapy is beneficial in order to have sufficient time to inform and prepare the patient for the optimal therapeutic strategy. Guidance by the team is needed during the patient's decision-making process without there being any psychological pressure on the patient of short-term urgent decisions due to rapidly progressing secondary complications on dialysis. Since in the USA as well as in Europe, rather young Type 2 diabetic patients are also considered not only for kidney but also for pancreatic grafting, the complex selection procedure, patient care prior to transplantation and guidance through the final decision-making are even more complex and require great expertise on the part of the transplant team. Psychological and medical patient care both prior to and following transplantation is of utmost importance for the success of this highly complex, complicated and expensive therapeutic procedure.This is especially true for diabetic patients considered for transplantation late in their diabetes career mean duration of disease 22 years ; . Although there is growing evidence that the secondary complications of diabetes stabilize or slow down their progression, patients with successful pancreatic grafts and normalized diabetic metabolism still need the special care of diabetologists to screen and treat potentially ongoing diabetic complications. If this interdisciplinar y patient care is not available, the transplantation centre should not offer any kind of organ transplantation to diabetic patients. Unfortunately very often the referral of diabetic patients with.
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Blood pressure continued ; goal levels for, 252t in diabetics, 93, 139, 140 in nondiabetics, 93 labile, in diabetics, 139 lowering of, cardiovascular events and, 15 measurement of at home, 141, 173, 252t posture during, 142 National Kidney Foundation recommendations for in diabetics, 120, 150 in nondiabetics, 120 nighttime left ventricular hypertrophy and, 53 microalbuminuria and, 53 renal disease and, in diabetes, 237-238 at same level in diabetics and nondiabetics, cardiovascular disease mortality and, 93-94, 97-98 systolic cardiovascular disease and, 31, 40, 41, coronary heart disease and, 16 dippers vs nondippers, 53, goal for, 16 macrovascular and microvascular complications and, 16 microalbuminuria and, 62t, 64 renal disease progression and, 66 Blood pressure cuff, for obese patients, 139 Body mass index calculation of, 146, 147t in diabetes type 2 diagnosis, 26 in women, 236 Bradykinin, 74, 79 Calcium channel blockers. See also specific drugs. ACE inhibitors vs, 152 ACE inhibitors with, 166-167, 169t as add-on vs initial therapy, 163 cardiovascular effects of, 132t, 135 enalapril vs, 104-106, 105t indications for, 140, 163, 166, RAAS inhibitors vs, 152 renal disease and, 124, 125-126 safety of, 15, 106, 161, trials of, 163, 166 Calcium intake, 143t Calories, to maintain or lose weight, 146, 148t, 212t Candesartan Atacand ; action mechanisms of, 157t adverse reactions to, 157t diuretic in, 141 dosage of, 141, 157t enalapril with, 155 Candesartan hydrochlorothiazide Atacand HCT ; , 168t Capillary endothelium, accelerated disappearance of, 58 Capoten. See Captopril. CAPPP. See Captopril Prevention Project. Captopril Capoten ; action mechanism of, 154t adverse reactions to, 154t diabetic nephropathy and, 103t, 152 dosage of, 107, 154t proteinuria and, 155 vascular effectiveness of, 158 and clomiphene.
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DURATION OF COBRA COVERAGE Termination other than for reasons of gross misconduct ; or reduction in hours resulting in lost group health coverage entitles a continuation coverage period of 18 months from the date of the qualifying event, if elected. Severance benefits received do not extend the duration of COBRA coverage. Employees, spouses or dependents with disabilities are entitled to an extension to 29 months if the Social Security Administration determines that the employee, spouse or dependent child was disabled on, or within 60 days of, the qualifying event. Proof must be provided within 60 days of the date of disability determination and before the close of the initial 18-month period. In the case of a newborn or adopted child added to a covered employee's COBRA coverage, then the first 60 days of continuation coverage for the new born or adopted child is measured from the date of the birth or adoption. The employee, spouse or dependent has 30 days to notify the Plan Administrator from the date of a final determination that he or she is no longer disabled. Multiple events entitle an extension of the 18 or 29-month continuation period if, during the 18 or 29 months of continuation coverage, a second event takes place divorce, death, Medicare entitlement, or a dependent child ceasing to be a dependent ; . The extension will be to 36 months from the date of the original qualifying event. Upon the occurrence of a second event, it is the employee's, spouse's, or dependent's responsibility to notify the Plan Administrator in writing within 60 days of the event and within the original 18 or 29-month COBRA period. COBRA coverage does not last beyond 36 months from the original qualifying event, no matter how many events occur. A reduction in hours followed by a termination of employment is not considered a second event for COBRA purposes. Other qualifying events entitle a continuation coverage period of 36 months from the date of the qualifying event, if elected. Other events include the death of the employee, divorce, Medicare entitlement, or a dependent child losing dependent status. PREMIUMS An employee, spouse or dependent pays the entire applicable premium, which generally cannot exceed 102% of the plan costs for a 12-month period. The group health plan may increase the cost that must be paid for COBRA coverage if the applicable premium cost increases. The period for paying the initial COBRA premium following the election of coverage is 45 days. The first payment made is to be applied retroactively toward coverage for the period beginning after the date on which coverage would have been lost as a result of the qualifying event and ending at the time period of the election. Thereafter, premiums can be paid on a monthly basis. There is a 30-day grace period following the date regularly scheduled monthly premiums are due. Only in the case of mental incapacity is any further extension permitted. To apply, the incapacitation must occur during or prior to a period of time in which an action must be taken by the qualified beneficiary. COBRA CANCELLATION The law provides that continuation coverage may be cut short for any of the following reasons: UPMC no longer provides group health coverage to any of its employees Continuation coverage premium is not paid in a timely manner Employee, spouse or dependent becomes covered under another group health plan, after the date of the COBRA election, that does not contain any exclusion or limitation with respect to any preexisting condition Employee, spouse, or dependent becomes entitled to Medicare Employee, spouse, or dependent extended continuation coverage to 29 months due to a Social Security disability and a final determination has been made that he or she is no longer disabled Employee, spouse or dependent notifies the Plan Administrator to cancel continuation coverage For cause, such as fraudulent claim submission, on the same basis that the plan terminates the coverage of similarly situated non-COBRA participants. The plan administrator reserves the right to verify COBRA eligibility status and terminate continuation coverage retroactively if you are determined to be ineligible or if there has been a material misrepresentation of the facts. CONVERSION PRIVILEGES At the end of the continuation coverage period, the employee, spouse, or dependent is allowed the option to enroll in an individual conversion medical plan. NOTIFICATION OF ADDRESS CHANGE Notify the UPMC Payroll Department of any address change as soon as possible. Failure on your part to do so will result in delayed COBRA notifications or a loss of continuation coverage options, as COBRA notices will be sent to the last known address on file. FURTHER INFORMATION If you have any questions about the law or your obligations contact the Plan Administrator at: UPMC, Employee Service Center, 8033 Forbes Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 or at 1-800-994-2752, option 3, for example, atacand htc.
Spouted lid can also be kept by the bedside. cushioned sole socks are better on carpeted sur If the care receiver has tremors, buy shallow soup faces. bowls and edge guards for plates to keep the food Sport pants and elastic waistbands ease dressing contained. woes for the caregiver and care receiver. Purchase utensils with weighted, builtup or an gled handles to help hands remain steady. Visual Cues: Magnifying sheets, magnifying glasses, large wall Car Ideas: Car seats made of leather are easier to access and clocks, talking watches and natural spectrum to clean. lamps help those with impaired vision and en Consider purchasing a swivel seat cushion to ease courage independence. car transfers. Pack a car tote bag. Include a package of wet Enriching Activities: wipes, bibs, a change of clothing, incontinent Review photo albums and old greeting cards. pads, plastic garbage bags, and water. Read the comics. Eat in the car and park near a scenic area to enjoy Listen to music and books on tape. the meal and the view if dining in a restaurant be Enjoy walks in the park when able. comes too difficult. Create a memory box filled with past treasures or items that encourage reminiscence. Display things around the home that bring joy Bedroom Solutions: Consider the need for an electric hospital bed such as family photos, children's art work, and with a trapeze for movement and increased inde holiday decorations. This display also helps with pendence. In some instances, these are available time or seasonal orientation. on a monthly rental system. Consider attending a Parkinson's support group Try nylon or silk pyjamas for ease in turning in together. bed. Use a bed guardrail for safety and support. As one can see, revising care procedures and modifying your home can promote successful caregiving. In addi tion, these ideas will uphold the dignity and independence Dressing for Success: Velcro Hush Puppy shoes are easier for the care of the care receiver. Learn from others who have walked receiver to put on and take off. in your shoes and set your sails for a new direction in pro Turn a laceup shoe into a slipon shoe with elas viding care for a loved one with Parkinson's . tic shoelaces. Kristine Dwyer is a Caregiver Consultant and Licensed Social Purchase pull on boots with zippers for winter. Worker with Carlton County Public Health in Cloquet, Minne Use a longhandled shoehorn with a spring sota. She is also a past and current caregiver for family mem hinge. bers. Barbara Churchill has been a caregiver throughout her The care receiver will have warmer feet and avoid lifetime and is a mother of seven children. Our hope is that this falling by wearing slipper socks with rubber joint article can reach and positively influence caregivers and treads over regular socks. Thin stockings vs. care receivers with Parkinson's across the nation and clozaril.
Welcome to the Autumn Newsletter. Chief Executive's Report. In my last report I promised some information about how to ensure that your glaucoma treatment is maintained if you have to go into hospital for some reason other than your eyes, and that you will find later in this report. I should also like to draw your attention to the fascinating article about the development of medicines that is the report of a lecture given by Nick Deaney of Merck Sharp and Dhome, one of the major pharmaceutical companies involved in the development and manufacture of many of the glaucoma medications we use today. You will find that report, together with the questions and answers from the Summer meeting from page 21. There have also been some changes here at the IGA since I last wrote. Mr Tom Berry, our Director of Finance and Development has decided to move on to pastures new as he feels that his work here at the IGA is done. There are also two new people who have joined the team, Tracey has joined our administration team looking after all the necessary details of membership etc and Amanda has joined me as my secretary within the SightLine team. When you phone you may find either of these ladies answering your query and I sure that you will all make them feel welcome. Amanda herself has glaucoma and has personal experience of both trabeculectomy and Molteno tubes so you can be sure of a degree of empathy if you are, for example, atacand diabetes.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL ; is a common mature B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder that usually expresses the CD5 antigen and has other characteristic phenotypic features that can be identified using flow cytometry. A relatively high proportion of older healthy individuals 2-5 percent ; have small monoclonal populations of CLL phenotype cells that are of unknown significance and clozapine.
Atacand ; candesartan belongs to the drug family known as angio product rating: buy at: tristatemeds: 99 site 99 shopeastwest : 99 from 3 store s ; generic atacand 16mg 30 pills generic atacand candesartan ; is an angiotensin ii receptor antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.
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Class, name Brand ; , available doses ARB + diuretic Candesartan + HCTZ Atacand Plus ; , 16 12.5 Irbesartan + HCTZ Avalide ; , 150 12.5, 300 Losartan + HCTZ Hyzaar, Hyzaar DS ; , 50 12.5, 100 DS Telmisartan + HCTZ Micardis Plus ; , 80 12.5 Valsartan + HCTZ Diovan-HCT ; , 80 12.5, 160 blockers: Side-effects: may precipitate heart failure. Headache, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, postural hypotension. Doxazosin Cardura, generics ; 1mg, 2mg, 4mg Prazosin Minipress , generics ; 1mg, 2mg, 5mg Terazosin Hytrin , generics ; 1mg, 2mg, 5mg, Acebutolol Monitan, Sectral, generics ; 100mg, 200mg, 400mg Atenolol Tenormin, generics ; 50mg, 100mg Bisoprolol Monocor ; 5mg, 10mg Carvedilol Coreg ; 3.125mg, 6.25mg, 12.5mg, Labetalol Trandate , generics ; 100mg, 200mg Metoprolol Lopresor , Betaloc , generics ; 50mg, 100mg Lopresor SR ; 100mg, 200mg Betaloc Durules ; 200mg Nadolol Corgard, generics ; 40mg, 80mg, 160mg Oxprenolol Trasicor ; 40mg, 80mg Slow Trasicor ; 80mg, 160mg Pindolol Visken, generics ; 5mg, 10mg, 15mg Propranolol Inderal , generics ; 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, Inderal LA ; 60mg, 80mg, 120mg, Sotalol Sotacor, generics ; 80mg, 160mg Timolol generics ; 5mg, 10mg, 20mg -blocker + diuretic Atenolol + chlorthalidone Tenoretic ; 50 25, 100 Pindolol + HCTZ Viskazide ; 10 25, 10 Timolol + HCTZ Timolide ; 10 25 and combivir and atacand.
But the available data leaves open the possibility that hormone exposure could increase the risk of BC to much greater degree in women with an inherited predisposition eg, those carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes ; . Hormone replacement does result in a cumulative increase in risk over time. Conversely, there is strong evidence that OCs can substantially reduce risk of ovarian cancer. This protective effect may be an important consideration. A study in this issue of JAMA2 provides further information. It followed over 400 families with BC probands diagnosed 40 years before. There was a significant correlation between ever-use of OCs and risk of BC in sisters and daughters of probands RR 3.3 compared to marry-ins ; , but not among granddaughters or nieces. Women using OCs who had 3 family members with BC had a RR of 5; for those with 5 affected family members RR 11. "These data offer strong support for the amplified effect of estrogen in the presence of genetic risk for BC." However, the increased risk was seen only in users before 1975 when formulations contained higher doses of estrogen and progestins. Among first degree relatives who used OCs after 1975, the RR of BC was 0.9 compared with non-users. The lower age of those using BCs after 1975, however, may conceal a future risk. Thus, the data presented argues for avoidance of OCs in high-risk women, but at the price of forgoing a reduction in risk of ovarian cancer. "The use of OCs needs to be considered on an individual basis, taking into account baseline risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, alternative strategies for cancer risk reduction, and other benefits OCs may provide." JAMA October 11, 2000; 284: Editorial by Wylie Burke, University of Washington. Seattle jama 1 The Lancet 1996; 347: 1713 thelancet 2 "Risk of Breast Cancer with Contraceptive Use in Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer." JAMA October 11, 2000; 1791-98 jama The absolute risk is low, especially with low-dose OCs. But, first degree relatives of a woman with BC are at increased risk and should take OCs with extreme caution, or not at all. Comment: I sure that for those with high-risk of BC, most clinicians would not prescribe, and most women would not take BCs. However, the data do reassure those that do take the low-dose OCs. RTJ Recommended Reading 10-18 RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY, AND MEDICINE: Application To Clinical Practice Patients want to be seen and treated as whole persons, not as diseases. A whole person is someone whose being has physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. Ignoring any one of these aspects of humanity leaves the patient feeling incomplete, and may even interfere with healing. For many patients spirituality 1 is an important part of wholeness.
Richard J. MacIsaac, Endocrinologist, and George Jerums, Director of Endocrinology, Endocrine Unit, Austin Health and Professorial Fellow, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne and lamivudine.
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The incidence of premature birth has risen over the past 15 years, mainly because of medically induced births, yet spontaneous preterm delivery rate continues its steady rise and remains relatively high in developed countries, despite preventative measures [1-3]. Approximately 6 to 12% of all pregnancies end up prematurely in Western countries, and the delivery of infants at preterm periods of gestation, and the clinical implications thereof, constitutes a major challenge for neonatologists [4]. The morbidity and mortality associated with preterm delivery outweigh all other clinical problems in obstetric practice [5-7]. Indeed preterm birth is the most frequent cause of infant death in the United States, accounting for at least one third of infant deaths [8]. Several stimulatory and inhibitory pathways regulate the balance of uterine quiescence and contractile activity during pregnancy, but the specific changes that govern the switch between these opposing functional states are still poorly understood. These data explain that a logical research pursuit has been that of development of pharmacological agents that inhibit uterine contractions and ideally terminate the labor process, or delay delivery until gestation is further advanced. Unfortunately the efficacy of current pharmacological treatments for the management of preterm labor is regularly questioned. Among these treatments, 2-adrenoceptor ADRB2 ; agonists are becoming less used worldwide as tocolytic agents because of important maternal and fetal side effects. For these reasons, and the lack of efficacy, much research in the last decade has focused on the development of novel agents, such as calcium channel blockers and oxytocin antagonists [9-12]. In countries outside of the United States, these agents have now largely displaced the use of ADRB2 agonists as tocolytic compounds, but the data to support their use, in terms of clinical efficacy, are lacking. Although ADRB were originally sub-classified into ADRB1 and ADRB2 [13], another subtype, the ADRB3-subtype, has been since reported [14]. The ADRB3 shares 40 to 50% amino acid sequence identity with ADRB1 and ADRB2. It has been shown to mediate lipolysis in white adipose tissue and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue [15, 16], and to inhibit the contractile activity of ileum and colon [17]. In the heart, ADRB pathways are the primary means of increasing cardiac performance in response to acute or chronic stress. The presence and function of the ADRB3 in the cardiovascular system is a conflicting debate. Indeed it has recently been suggested that ADRB3 are expressed in the endothelium of human coronary resistance arteries, or.
People's wishes for the type of medically approved treatment they receive must be balanced against costs.
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FOR YOUR INFORMATION: Generics should be considered the first line of prescribing. This OSF HealthPlans Preferred Drug List is not inclusive nor does it guarantee coverage, but represents a summary of prescription coverage. Specific prescription benefit plan design may not cover certain categories, regardless of their appearance in this document. The plan participant's prescription benefit plan may have a different co-pay 1 for specific products on the list. Unless otherwise indicated, drug list products will include all dosage forms. This list represents brand products in CAPS and generic products in lower case italics. Generics listed in therapeutic categories are for representational purposes only and are not meant to be all-inclusive. Listed products may be available generically in certain strengths or dosage forms. Dosage forms on this list will be consistent with the category and use where listed. Generics are available in this class and should be considered as the first line of prescribing. 1 Co-payment or co-pay means the amount a plan participant is required to pay for a prescription in accordance with a Plan, which may be a deductible, a percentage of the prescription price, a fixed amount or other charge, with the balance, if any, paid by a Plan. 2 Atacand should be reserved for patients who meet CHARM Candesartan in Heart Failure - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity ; trial criteria. 3 Indicates the proposed mechanism of action, based on the American Psychiatric Association Summary of Treatment Recommendations. Your privacy is important to us. Our employees are trained regarding the appropriate way to handle your private health information. This OSF HealthPlans Preferred Drug List contains prescription brand name medicines that are registered or trademarks of pharmaceutical manufacturers that are not affiliated with OSF HealthPlans. Listed products are for informational purposes only and are not intended to replace the clinical judgment of the prescriber. 2007 All rights reserved. 14247-1-0707.
Abilify aripiprazole ; is a registered trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Abraxane paclitaxel protein-bound particles ; is a registered trademark of American Bioscience, Inc. Accupril quinapril hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Warner-Lambert Co. Actimmune interferon gamma-1b ; is a registered trademark of Genentech, Inc. Actonel risedronate sodium ; is a registered trademark of Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Actos pioglitazone hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. Adderall XR mixed amphetamine salts ; is a registered trademark of Shire US Inc. Advair Diskus fluticasone propionate salmeterol ; is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline. Aldara imiquimod ; is a registered trademark of Riker Laboratories, Inc. Alimta pemetrexed ; is a registered trademark of Eli Lilly and Company. Allegra fexofenadine hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Allegra-D fexofenadine hydrochloride pseudoephedrine hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Altace ramapril ; is a registered trademark of King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Amaryl glimepiride ; is a registered trademark of Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ambien zolpidem tartrate ; is a registered trademark of Sanofi-Synthelabo. Amevive alefacept ; is a registered trademark of Biogen, Inc. AmphadaseTM hyaluronidase, USP ; is a trademark of Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apidra insulin glulisine [rDNA origin] ; is a registered trademark of Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Apokyn apomorphine hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Bertek Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aromasin exemestane ; is a registered trademark of Pfizer Inc. Atacand candesartan cilexetil ; is a registered trademark of AstraZeneca. Atrovent ipratropium bromide ; is a registered trademark of Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. AttenaceTM modafinil ; is a trademark of Cephalon, Inc. Avandia rosiglitazone maleate ; is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline. AvastinTM bevacizumab ; is a trademark of Genentech, Inc. Avodart dutasteride ; is a trademark of GlaxoSmithKline. Avonex interferon beta-1a ; is a registered trademark of Biogen, Inc. Bextra valdecoxib ; is a registered trademark of Pharmacia Corporation. Biaxin clarithromycin ; is a registered trademark of Abbott Laboratories. Biaxin XL clarithromycin ; is a registered trademark of Abbott Laboratories. Caduet amlodipine besylate atorvastatin calcium ; is a registered trademark of Pfizer Inc. Campral acamprosate calcium ; is a registered trademark of Merck Sant S.A.S. Cardizem LA diltiazem hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Biovail Laboratories, Inc. Celebrex celecoxib ; is a registered trademark of Pharmacia Corporation. Celexa citalopram hydrobromide ; is a registered trademark of Forest Laboratories, Inc. ChiRhoStimTM secretin, synthetic human ; is a trademark of ChiRhoClin, Inc. Cipro ciprofloxacin ; is a registered trademark of Bayer Aktiengesellschaft. Claritin loratadine ; is a registered trademark of Schering Corporation. ClolarTM clofarabine ; is a trademark of Ilex Products, Inc. CombunoxTM oxycodone hydrochloride ibuprofen ; is a trademark of Forest Laboratories, Inc. Concerta methylphenidate hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Alza Corporation. Coreg carvedilol ; is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline. Crestor rosuvastatin calcium ; is a registered trademark of AstraZeneca. Cymbalta duloxetine hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Eli Lilly and Company. Diflucan fluconazole ; is a registered trademark of Pfizer Inc. Dilantin phenytoin, USP ; is a registered trademark of Warner-Lambert Co. Diovan valsartan ; is a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Ditropan XL oxybutynin chloride ; is a registered trademark of Alza Corporation. Duragesic fentanyl ; is a registered trademark of Johnson & Johnson. Effexor venlafaxine hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories. Eldepryl selegiline hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Enablex darifenacin hydrobromide ; is a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Enbrel etanercept ; is a registered trademark of Immunex Corporation. Erbitux cetuximab ; is a registered trademark of ImClone Systems Incorporated. Evista raloxifene hydrochloride ; is a registered trademark of Eli Lilly and Company. Exanta ximelagatran ; is a registered trademark of AstraZeneca. Femara letrozole ; is a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Flolan epoprostenol sodium ; is a registered trademark of GlaxoSmithKline.
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1 For details on the changes in the protection of intellectual property in these Acts, see Lippert and McArthur 1997. 2 The PMPRB also regulates the prices of patented veterinary medicines. However, veterinary drugs are a small proportion of the total number. 3 The Mexican drug-price ratio is derived from the US House of Representatives report, which stated that patented drugs in Maine were 72 percent more expensive than in Canada and 102 percent more expensive than in Mexico in 1997. Although the report is flawed, these figures imply that the ratio of Mexican to Canadian patented drug prices is 85. 4 As we shall see below, the real depreciation in living standards has been significantly less than 46 percentage points. This is because the average price level of goods and services has dropped in Canada relative to the United States. 5 Mexican data were not available, nor were German data from 1987. 6 When the American dollar was worth .35 in Canadian funds, classical economics expects that a product that sold for .00 in the United States would have sold for .35 in Canada. If the Canadian dollar depreciates to .45 per American dollar, the price of the good should increase by 7.4 percent to .45 in Canada. Alternatively, if the Canadian price remains at .35, we would expect the American price to decrease to 93 cents. This relationship between international price levels has not held for Canada and the United States over the period. Readers who want to learn more about how market exchange rates come to deviate from purchasing power parity are referred to Grubel 1981: 27494. 7 Inclusion of sales taxes does not alter the substantive result. 8 The costs to supply over-the-counter drugs include sales representatives and other personnel, which one expects to cost more in the United States than in Canada, thus making some contribution to higher American prices. However, the author was not able to quantify average wages for pharmaceutical sales representatives in the two countries. As well, this relatively minor supply-side cause of price differences should not distract us from the primary, demand-side cause. 9 Although it is beyond the scope of this paper, it would be interesting to revisit Manning's study using more recent data. Some observers believe that Canada is following the United States towards an expensive "legal lottery" civil-liability system Robson and Lippert 1997 ; . If this is happening, we might expect to see relative Canadian drug prices rise to compensate for this risk. 10 The originally reported 1998 data showed Astra and Zeneca as separate companies. Since they have since merged, the two are combined to show the present situation more accurately. Furthermore, at the time of writing, Pfizer and Warner Lambert have agreed to merge. As well, Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham have announced a friendly merger. Since these deals are recent and may involve further changes in assets, they have not been combined. 11 They are Astra Zeneca's Atacand Candesartan ; , Smith Kline Beecham's Teveten Eprosartan ; , Sanofi's Avapro Irbesartan ; , Boehringer Ingelheim's Micardis Telmisartan ; , and Novartis' Diovan Valsartan.
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